Maize trait ontology is prepared by Rosemary Shrestha, CIMMYT for Generation Challenge Program.
This ontology defines traits of the International Wheat Information System (IWIS) database and wheat descriptor.
Measurement of total dried above ground biomass in g/plot or kg/ha or kg/plot or ton/ha.
The difference between air and canopy temperature which is used as a screening tool for wheat yield and stress tolerance in large breeding populations.
Canopy temperature depression is highly suitable for selecting physiologically superior lines in warm, low relative humidity environments where high evaporative demand leads to leaf cooling of up to 10C below ambient temperatures.
Number of days required for the inflorescence (panicle) to emerge from the flag leaf of a plant or a group of plants in a study.
Number of days from planting to harvest at maturity.
Visual rating of vegetative growth using Zadok growth stages and determine whether it is early or late.
Record of the day on which a seedling is first observed.
Percentage of grains that germinate under proper condition.
Moisture content of grain measured by grain moisture analyzer in percentage.
Grain yield is the product of accumulating dry matter (i.e., biomass) and allocating a portion of the total aboveground biomass to the grain. It is measured in g/plot.
Measurement of ground surface covered by the plant in percentage at 5 leaf stage.
It is measured in percentage at 5 leaf stage.
A qualitative description of the growth habit of the plant whether erect/semi-erect/prostrate/spreading/semi-spreading.
Visual observation of growth stages based on Zadok Decimal code.
Rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide through the stomata.
Height of plant at maturity, measured in cm from ground to top of spike, excluding awns.
Ratio of the maturity days that determined from the plant to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment.
Ratio of the heading days that determined from the plant to best local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment.
Ratio of the plant height determined from the plant to local check which represents the best locally adopted germplasm at each location grown in standard or normal environment.
Measurement of 1000 well-developed grains in grams.
Measurement of awn length in cm (centimeter).
Observation of awn type whether awnless/awnletted (short awns)/awned (conspicious awns).
Measures the chlorophyll content in a green tissue. Includes both chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants.
Length of coleoptile (a protective sheath that surrounds the shoot tip and the embryonic leaves of the young shoot of grasses) is measured in cm (centimeter).
Color observation on the outer glume whether white/red to brown/purple to black at maturity.
Length of glume measured in mm (millimeter).
Measurement of glume hairiness density on outer side of sterile glume.
Measurement of presence of wax in glume.
Measurement of width of glume in mm (millimeter).
Visual measurement of grain color whether white/red/purple at maturity.
Count of total number of grains on an average of five spikes.
A qualitative trait measuring degree of endosperm has filled.
This trait is to determine shrunken kernels resulting from stress (drought, heat), or resulting from effects of plant diseases not allowing the crop to finish up grain filling properly.
Measurement of grain size in cm (centimeter).
The total numbers of grains per spikelet.
One of the key quality parameters in the determination of Durum quality referring to translucent or glass-like appearance when seeds are transversely sectioned and observed whether not vitreous/partly vitreous/vitreous. It is associated with high protein and hard grain.
Partly vitreous endosperm is related to the efficiency in N fertilization to allow accumulation of acceptable levels of protein content in the grain. Deficient N fertilization results in low grain protein content and starchy patches in the endosperm.
Visual observation of the relative hardness of a kernel whether soft/intermediate/hard .
Actual measurement of leaf length in cm (centimeter).
Measurement of leaf thickness in mm (millimeter).
Visual observation of presence of wax in leaf.
Measurement of leaf width in mm (millimeter).
Observation of spike break from the base of head.
Measurement of peduncle length in cm (centimeter).
Measurement of peduncle hairiness density.
Visual observation of presence of wax in peduncle.
A visual measure of density of a wheat spike.
Measurement of spike length in cm (centimeter).
Observation of grains dehiscence from spike at maturity.
Number of spikelets per spike based on the average of five spikes.
The color of plant and the photosynthetic organs remain green compared to turning yellow and or brown at the time of senescing.
Measurement of stem height in cm (centimeter).
The trait evaluates the solidness of stem as either solid/intermediate or hollowness.
Measurement of stem thickness in mm (millimeter).
Resistance to diffusion of water vapor through a plants stomata.
The ratio between average height and width of 5 cookies.
Measurement of the cellular structure of wheat bread crumb whether poor/fair/good/very good.
The falling number is defined as the time in seconds required stirring and allowing stirrer to fall a measured distance through a hot aqueous flour or meal gel undergoing liquefaction due to a-Amylase activity.
Total protein percent (corrected to 14.0% moisture basis) in refined flour.
Percentage of flour recovered during milling.
Determination of gluten type whether weak-tenacious/tenacious/weak/medium strong/Strong/Overly strong.
Indication of the amount of sprout damage that has occurred within a wheat sample. Falling number value of 350 seconds or longer indicates a low enzyme activity and very sound wheat quality. As the amount of enzyme activity increases, the falling number decreases. Values below 200 seconds indicate high levels of enzyme activity.
Determination of grain quality whether very soft/medium soft/medium hard/ hard/very hard.
It is determined in percentage of protein (corrected to 12.5% moisture basis) in the whole wheat grain samples.
Protein content in durum wheat semolina.
Measurement of flour/semolina yellow color with the Minolta chromameter using the color scale b.
The trait is assessed for sensitivity to acid soil.
The trait is assessed for sensitivity to aluminium.
Observation of growth at temperatures lower than the optimum temperature.
The trait is assessed for the grain embryo dormancy.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Alternaria triticina causing alternaria leaf blight.
The trait is scored for the plant damages caused by various animals.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by ants.
The trait is scored for the damage caused by various species of aphids.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by armyworm.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by birds.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by hessian fly, Maytiola destructor.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by any insects.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by rodent.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxis.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by sawfly, Cephus cinctus.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by snails.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by suni pest.
The trait is scored for the response to the barley stripe mosaic disease caused by barley stripe mosaic virus.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent wheat yellow dwarf virus causing wheat yellow dwarf disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agents Alternaria, Helminthosporium and Fusarium spp. causing black point disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Tilletia species causing bunt disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Tilletia laevis causing common bunt disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Tilletia tritici causing common bunt disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Tilletia controversa causing dwarf bunt disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agents necrotrophic fungus Tapesia yallundae (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoide W-type) and Tapesia acuformis (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides R-type)causing eye spot disease. Symptoms: The eye shape elliptical lesions forms on lower base of stem and lower leaf sheath. The eyespots are straw yellow in color from the middle and are surrounded by the greenish brown to dark brown rings.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Urocystis agropyri causing flag smut disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Fusarium spp. causing wheat scab disease. Symptoms: Infected florets become slightly darkened and oily in appearance.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Calonectria nivalis (Fusarium nivale)causing scab disease in spike.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Tilletia indica (syn. Neovossia indica) causing karnal bunt disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Puccinia recondita causing leaf rust disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Ustilago tritici causing loose smut disease.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by nematodes.
The trait is scored for the wheat seed-gall nematode damage caused by Anguina tritici.
The trait is scored for the wheat cyst nematode damage caused by cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae.
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus neglectus.
Pratylenchus neglectus root-lesion nematode damage
The trait is scored for the plant damage caused by root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei.
Pratylenchus thornei root-lesion nematode damage
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe graminis) f. sp. tritici wheat powdery mildew disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Corticum rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii) causing wheat southern blight.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Cochliobolus sativus (Helminthosporium sativum)wheat spot blotch.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici)septoria tritici causing blotch disease. Symptoms: The lesions are linear and restricted laterally.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici causing stem rust disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)causing wheat take-all disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Xanthomonas translucens causing bacterial leaf streak disease.
Counted as days from sowing to 50% of the plants in flower. However, when planting in dry soils in dryland areas it is counted from the first day of rainfall or irrigation which is sufficient for germination.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the diseases caused by various fungi.
The ratio of grain weight to total plant weight.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Calonectria nivalis (Fusarium nivale)causing fusarium leaf blotch disease.
The trait is assessed in percentage for the plant damage caused by hail.
The trait is assessed in percentage for the plant damage caused by frost.
The trait is assessed in percentage for the plant damage caused by waterlogging.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici causing stripe rust disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Leptosphaeria nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum, Septoria nodorum)causing stagonospora glume blotch. Symptoms: The lesions are lighter brown and often lens-shaped with a darker brown center.
Becoming tolerant to drought like conditions of minimal or no water content in the growth environment.
Tolerance to the high salt content in the growth medium.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Pyrenophora trichostoma (Helminthhosporium tritici-repentis)causing pyrenophora yellow leaf blotch disease. Symptoms: The lesions appear as tan to brown flecks, which expand into large, irregular, oval- or lens-shaped tan blotches with a yellow or chlorotic margin.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Ustilago spp. causing wheat smut disease.
The trait is scored for the plan response to the diseases caused by various bacteria.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae causing wheat bacterial leaf blight disease. Symptoms: Small (less than 0.04 inches) water-soaked lesions expand and eventually coalesce. Initial lesions become necrotic and turn from gray-green to tan-white. Entire leaves may become necrotic, but heads and glumes are typically symptomless.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the diseases caused by various virus.
Measured directly, or estimated as length and breadth of flag leaf usually of mother shoot and multiply by 0.7 in square centimeter.
Measurement of stomata size in micrometers.
Number of stomata counted per unit area on the leaf surface.
Determination of dough strength by alveograph.
Ratio of tenacity (p; maximum pressure required for the deformation of the sample) and extensibility (L; length of the curve) of dough.
alveograph tenacity to extensibility ratio
Testing of refined flour quality by SDS-sedimentation, a parameter estimating gluten strength or gluten protein quality.
Testing of grain (whole meal flour) quality by SDS sedimentation a parameter estimating gluten strength or gluten protein quality.
It refers to kernels showing chalky or starchy endosperm areas. Starchy endosperm areas are characterized for having low endosperm protein concentration.
Time required for the dough development from beginning of mixing flour and water to the dough reaches maximum consistency. It is expressed in minutes.
Determination of high molecular weight of glutenin subunit composition in endosperm.
HMW glutenin subunits are essential for gluten elasticity and bread-making quality and Chinese noodle-making quality of wheat flour.
high molecular weight glutenin subunit composition (HMW-Glu)
Determination of low molecular weight of glutenin subunit composition in endosperm.
low molecular weight glutenin subunit composition (LMW-Glu)
Is the weight (Kg) per one hectoliter of clean grain.
SDS-sedimentation volume divided by protein percentage.
The trait is assessed in percentage for response to winter if winter kill or winter survival.
Count numbers of spike per meter square area.
Indicates percentage of plants that lodged.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Fusarium oxysporum causing fusarium wilt disease.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Pyrenophora teres causing net blotch.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Rhynchosporium secalis causing barley scald.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Septoria species causing septoria blotch.
The trait is scored for the plant response to the agent Soilborne Wheat Mosaic Virus (SBWMV)which is vectored by plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis causing soil borne mosaic.
A physiological phenomenon caused by hot, dry and windy weather. The whole tip of the flag leaf tends to be necrotic and will often fold over. Leaf tip necrosis progresses from the margins of the flag leaf tip and lower leaves as well show some signs of it. Leaf tip necrosis is observed to some extent in all wheat varieties containing the leaf rust gene resistance gene Lr34.